Social media plan for Riyadh city
The results demonstrate that most retweeted messages are the more likely to contain a direct Tweeting, Retweeting, Hashtag, Phototwitter, Photo Facebook, Photo Instagram, Photo website, Photoflyer, Website, Video, and Broken links. These results will be the basis for crafting the social media plan. The type of interaction can work with influencers and amplifiers within an industry. Twitter can be used as a predominant place for amplification. It presents an opportunity for Riyadh city to create tweets that generate engagement.

Objectives
The objective of the social media plan will be to establish strategic and beneficial relationships with the amplifiers to improve engagement on Twitter. Amplifiers are significant in keeping the conversation flowing and enhancing interactions with conventional online mainstream media and corporate media. Establishing a relationship with amplifiers is likely to have more people interacting with the city.

Goals
The goal of the social media plan is to promote engagement with the public. Using various tools including Photo website, videos, Photo Instagram, Photo flyer, the PR team will attract more retweets from social media amplifiers. The tools will provide an excellent opportunity for followers to get to know the individuals behind the brand.

Strategies

The first strategy to be used is finding a niche of Twitter Followers. The social media plan will be directed to social media amplifiers. Amplifiers are important in keeping the conversation flowing and promoting interactions with conventional online mainstream media and corporate media. On Twitter, the focus on amplifiers will ensure that the conversation flows. Amplifiers will be useful in determining what to retweet and what not to retweet. Thus, they will be useful in enhancing engagement of Twitter users. Determining who to follow and how to get followers is a difficult task. When Twitter users start using Twitter, most might follow anyone who might follow back for no particular reason. To increase the number of Twitter followers is the goal of any organization which can act as an ego boost. However, unless the followers are quality followers, the large number of followers won’t fuel the initiative to increase Twitter exposure. Niche or quality of followers means having followers with similar interests as the city and individuals who also tweet similar topics as the city. In general, the followers are more prone to retweet city’s messages to their Twitter following. Given that the quality of followers will be more inclined to retweeting the city’s links, amplifiers will expose the tweets to a much larger audience.

The second strategy is through engaging amplifiers and influencers through valuable and relevant Content. Social networking is all about sharing valuable information and content. Amplifiers are only interested in relevant and valuable content. The city requires relevant and quality tweets and how they will be distributed. More time will be spend thinking about the levers necessary to generate actual engagement and step up interaction with messaging and content. Influencers are individuals who carry weight in industry. Twitter is considered to be one of the most suitable social networks for networking, and it can reach out to many influencers who have a Twitter account. Retweeting influencers with valuable content is one of the easy ways to connect with influencers and tap into their group of followers. This can be done by Tweeting the same content several times. Identical tweets often obtain a similar amount of clicks. Creating relevant content and focusing on getting influencers to engage with it can make it go viral incredibly fast as more people can discover content through organic and social search. However, it all comes down to the quality of the content being shared. If it is of interests, influencers are going to retweet (Safko, 2010).

Tactics
Direct Tweeting and Retweeting
Tweeting and Retweeting are critical to maximizing tweet exposure. The PR team will employ tweeting and retweet tactics to promote engagement by influencers. Tweeting and Retweeting are not about sharing content. There is evidence to show that there are things that compel people to retweet. From the choice of words to the time of day, tweeting and retweeting will take into consideration different factors that impact how many retweets can be achieved. When a tweet is made, a message is sent out to social media followers. When none of the followers are actually interested in the message, then very few will retweet the messages as it isn’t really relevant to them. On the other hand, when there are a dozen followers who are interested in the message, there is a greater chance that they will retweet the tweet. Therefore, tweeting and retweeting exposes a message to followers also might be interested. Another way to have the frequent retweeting of messages is to be active in retweeting messages from influencers when the message relates to the topic. Influencers and followers are likely to appreciate the retweet and tend to retweet some of the tweets in return.

Hashtag
The second tactic is the use of hashtags. A hashtag is a way that enables organization of Tweets for Twitter search engines. Using hashtags correctly simply prefix messages tag to enable influencers and followers to discover relevant posts. Using hashtags is critical for maximizing retweets and finding those quality Twitter followers. When one searches for certain keywords, it becomes easier to view other Twitter results of users who also tweet the particular topic. Those users using the same hashtags will be followed as they can become the niche followers.

Photos and videos
Twitter has several features that provide users with more options and opportunity when it comes to Twitter images. Multiple Photos in Tweets will be used to Photo Tagging. Every Tweet will include multiple Twitter images, offering the users more opportunities to use visuals that represent the message. Photos will be added to Tweets and will then be displayed in an easily shareable preview collage. New photo tagging option will allow tagging in the Twitter images shared. This will have a big implication for the city to followers and fans. Individuals can then tag other users in the photos, adding a level of appreciation for followers. This may encourage more engagement on Twitter. To really make the Tweets engaging, the photos will not be just an afterthought. Twitter images will be chosen based on their relevance and appeal to the content and shareability. Images will not be shared just for the sake of having a visual element to your Tweet.

Finding photos to share does not have to be a struggle. One way to improve engagement through images will be to ask for submissions or run contests from followers. Sharing photos will be a great way to keep influencers and followers engaged and coming back. When using photos, it will be important to ensure that images will be clear when viewed within a Twitter stream. When photos are too small and require to be expanded by the viewer, they may likely receive less sharing and engagement. Additionally, sharing the same content in multiple Tweets is a tactic that is appropriate as long as messages are spaced out. However, sharing the same photo possibly may not draw the same level of engagement in second and third Tweets. When the content to be shared has multiple images, different Twitter images for subsequent Tweets will be shared. This will be a strategic way to add new appeal to content to be reused. Favoriting is a tactic that will focus on making use of growing interaction with influencers and amplifiers. Building authority on Twitter is important to generating more engagement, and the utilization of multimedia like images can drive that engagement. By including photos and images in tweets, it will be likely to double the chances of a Retweets. Videos will be important when trying to connect on a personal level with amplifiers. These tools offer a simple way to respond to the audience and are far more engaging than a simple tweet would be. Videos will also be used to cover events as they’re happening. Videos drum up more interactivity by involving followers in the big numbers. A large number of followers will likely enhance the chances of retweeting.

Favoriting
Favorites will be used to bookmark. Favoriting is an easier way of saving tweets and pages for easier future access. The most common use of favorites is to capture the attention of those they are interested in capturing. It is a desirable option to make presence noticed online. This type of interaction can work with influencers and amplifiers within a particular industry. Many are the times that it may be necessary to type out a response to tweeter user. This may not be possible particularly where the number of responses is overwhelming. Thus, favoriting will be used as a tactic to show gratitude. Favoriting will be used as a tool to engage with influencers and amplifiers.

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1. Discuss the psychological factors associated with pain and, at least, one psychosocial intervention used to treat pain.

Psychological factors related to pain disorder get viewed to play a significant role in the onset, seriousness, exacerbation or maintenance of the pain. Psychological assessment assists in understanding patient’s experience of pain together with any associated pain behavior such as grimacing, postural changes and expressions of face. It also assists in identifying coping strategies that get used by the patient and whether they result in a positive outcome such as distraction and staying busy or adverse outcome such as catastrophising and limitation of activity. The diagnosis of pain disorder with psychological factors gets made when the patient’s reaction is out of proportion to the physical condition and when deficits in psychosocial functioning occur.

The psychological factors associated with pain include (Turk & Gatchel, 2013).

Cognitions: Fear about paralysis and despondency can result in elevated levels of pain.
Emotion: High levels of pain get associated with fear, anxiety, general stress and depression. High levels of these aspects compel individuals to seek medical treatment for the pain.
Behavior: Pain gets associated with low self-esteem as well as marked avoidance
Attention: Giving a particular pain lot of attention can result in elevated intensity.
Interpretation: Pain gets assessed differently by different patients, for instance, an individual who suffered a heart attack may ignore a muscle twitch in the chest.
Expectations: The type of expectation an individual has towards a particular pain may affect the feedback received from pain receptors.
Context: The time when pain is occurring determines the pain felt by a person, for instance, a patient who has got injected with anesthesia in a theater surgery procedure may not feel the pain until later.
Coping approaches: Different approaches get used to minimize pain. They include biofeedback, visualization, positive affirmations, and distraction.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pain Management
This psychosocial treatment process involves several phases. The first step in treatment is pain education, where a patient gets explained about pain, how the role of own response towards pain influences pain experience and coping strategies in pain control. The second step involves in one or more coping skills for pain management. The therapist provides an educational rationale, basic instruction as well as guided practice and feedback got each strategy taught. The third step involves home practice with the skills learned from the therapist. The last step of treatment involves assisting patients to establish a program for maintaining their skills practice after the completion of training and for overcoming setbacks and relapses in the coping strategies.

2. Pick two of the five theoretical models of coping with chronic illness and describe in detail. What adherence interventions would be effective in the two models you choose?

Self-Regulation Model
It is a theoretical model of goal-directed behavior that gets applied to understanding people’s ability to cope with the chronic disorder. In this model, the human behavior gets influenced by objectives through which individuals seek to develop particular desired conditions in their lives. Patients use the self-realization process to strive to achieve certain goals. This model gets based on the assumption that patients experience stress when they get hindrances towards achieving their goals and dealing with stress gets conceptualized as efforts at self-regulation based on that adversity. Suffering from a chronic illness is stressful to the extent that it gets viewed to prevent a patient’s goals and their ability to deal successfully with the disease get determined by their capacity to reassess the goals (Suls, Davidson & Kaplan, 2010).

Self-Determination Model
It is a theoretical model based on a broader theory of human motivation and behavior referred to as self-determination theory. The theory assumes that humans have three natural psychological needs namely, autonomy, competence, and relatedness to others and when these needs get met; persons usually experience improved self-motivation, development, and well-being. The theory recognizes that behavioral and affective factors of coping with chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension get facilitated by self-management. According to this model, people’s motivations for autonomy and competence are vital in successfully coping with chronic illnesses. Autonomy motivation occurs when individuals experience volition and choice in their illness-related behaviors, whereas competence occurs when patient’s feel that they can control important disease-related outcomes.